Evaluation of methodologies of urine collection to estimate microbial synthesis in bovines diets containing lipids or not / Avaliação de metodologias de coleta de urina para estimar a síntese microbiana em dietas de bovinos contendo ou não lipídios

This study investigated the effectiveness of the urine sample collection method in predicting the volume urinary and synthesis of microbial nitrogen. Eight fistulated steers were used with accessible rumens and kept in individual stalls. Their diets consisted of corn silage; corn silage + concentrate; corn silage + concentrate with addition of lipids in the form of soybean oil; and corn silage + concentrate with addition of lipids in the form of soybean grains. Estimates of microbial protein synthesis were obtained based on the urinary excretion of purine derivatives. There was no effect of diets on daily creatinine excretion (P>0.05). There were differences (P<0.05) between the urinary volume and microbial synthesis values determined by the total urine collection and those estimated from the urine spot samples and equations proposed by different authors. The estimation of microbial synthesis based on the urine excretion of purine derivatives should be performed from the total collection of the urine for a period of 24 hours.

Este estudo investigou a eficácia do método de coleta de amostras de urina sobre a predição do volume urinário e síntese de nitrogênio microbiano. Oito novilhos fistulados foram utilizados com rúmen acessível e mantidos em baias individuais. Suas dietas consistiram de silagem de milho; silagem de milho + concentrado; silagem de milho + concentrado com adição de lipídios na forma de óleo de soja; e silagem de milho + concentrado com adição de lipídios na forma de grãos de soja. Estimativas de síntese de proteína microbiana foram obtidas com base na excreção urinária de derivados de purina. Não houve efeito de dietas na excreção diária de creatinina (P> 0,05). Houve diferenças (P <0,05) entre o volume urinário e os valores de síntese microbiana determinados pela coleta total de urina e os estimados a partir das amostras de manchas de urina e equações propostas por diferentes autores. A estimativa da síntese microbiana baseada na excreção de urina dos derivados de purina deve ser realizada a partir da coleta total da urina por um período de 24 horas.

Intake, nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis of steers fed with or without lipid addition / Consumo, balanço de nitrogênio e síntese de proteína microbiana de novilhos alimentados com ou sem adição de lipídios

This study investigated the influence of energy supplementation with or without the addition of lipids on microbial production, microbial synthesis efficiency and nitrogen balance. Eight fistulated steers were used with accessible rumens and kept in individual stalls. Their diets consisted of corn silage; corn silage + concentrate; corn silage + concentrate with addition of lipids in the form of soybean oil; and corn silage + concentrate with addition of lipids in the form of soybean grains. Estimates of microbial protein synthesis were obtained based on the urinary excretion of purine derivatives. The concentrations of ammonia in the rumen were determined immediately at 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after feeding. The diets with concentrate increased (P<0.05) the microbial protein synthesis and the efficiency of the synthesis and nitrogen balance without a difference between the lipid sources (P>0.05). Concentrated diets presented higher concentrations of urea nitrogen in the serum and urinary urea excretion (P<0.05), but there was no difference between the lipid sources (P>0.05). Energy supplementation, with or without lipid addition, can be used as a strategy to increase the synthesis of the microbial protein in the cattle fed corn silage.

Este estudo investigou a influência da suplementação energética com ou sem adição de lipídios na produção microbiana, eficiência de síntese microbiana e balanço de nitrogênio. Oito novilhos fistulados foram utilizados com rúmen acessível e mantidos em baias individuais. Suas dietas consistiram de silagem de milho; silagem de milho + concentrado; silagem de milho + concentrado com adição de lipídios na forma de óleo de soja; e silagem de milho + concentrado com adição de lipídios na forma de grãos de soja. Estimativas de síntese de proteína microbiana foram obtidas com base na excreção urinária de derivados de purina. As concentrações de amônia no rúmen foram determinadas imediatamente às 2, 4, 6 e 8 horas após a alimentação. As dietas com concentrado aumentaram (P<0,05) a síntese de proteína microbiana e a eficiência da síntese e o balanço de nitrogênio sem diferença entre as fontes lipídicas (P>0,05). As dietas concentradas apresentaram maiores concentrações de nitrogênio uréico no soro e excreção urinária de uréia (P <0,05), mas não houve diferença entre as fontes lipídicas (P>0,05). A suplementação energética, com ou sem adição de lipídios, pode ser utilizada como estratégia para aumentar a síntese da proteína microbiana em bovinos alimentados com silagem de milho.

Growth performance and carcass traits of young nellore bulls supplemented with or without addition of lipids / Desempenho e características de carcaça de novilhos Nelore suplementados com ou sem adição de lipídios

The aim of research was to evaluate the performance and characteristics of the carcasses of Nellore young bulls in grazing supplemented with or without addition of lipids. Twenty­eight young bulls, 301 ± 5.8 kg in body weight, which four constituted the reference group and the twenty-four remnants were used in the experiment and randomly distributed into four groups according to treatment: only Panicum maximum cv. Mombasa grass; Mombasa grass with concentrated supplementation based on soybean meal; Mombasa grass with concentrate containing lipids from soybean oil; and Mombasa grass with concentrate containing lipids derived from soybean grains. The total dry matter intake of the animals fed only Mombasa grass did not differ from the average intake of the three treatments supplemented with concentrate. There were no differences (P>0.05) between Mombasa grass and diets with concentrate, supplementation with or without lipid and lipids sources in the carcass traits, gastrointestinal tract, organs and loin eye area. Nellore bulls receiving concentrate increased subcutaneous fat thickness compared with bulls that received only Mombasa grass. Nellore young bulls fed Mombasa grass only, supplemented with or without addition of lipids were similar regarding growth performance and carcass traits

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar o desempenho e as características das carcaças de novilhos Nelore em pastejo suplementados com ou sem adição de lipídios. Vinte e oito novilhos, 301 ± 5,8 kg de peso vivo, sendo que quatro constituíram o grupo de referência e os vinte e quatro remanescentes foram utilizados no experimento e distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos de acordo com o tratamento: somente Panicum maximum cv. capim-mombaça; capim-mombaça com suplementação concentrada à base de farelo de soja; capim-mombaça com concentrado contendo lipídios do óleo de soja; e capim-mombaça com concentradocontendo lipídios derivados de grãos de soja. O consumo total de matéria seca dos animais alimentados apenas com capim-mombaça não diferiu da ingestão média dos três tratamentos suplementados com concentrado. Não houve diferenças (P>0,05) entre capim-mombaça e dietas com concentrado, suplementação com ou sem lipídeos e fontes de lipídeos nas características de carcaça, trato gastrintestinal, órgãos e área de olho de lombo. Os novilhos Nelore que receberam concentrado aumentaram a espessura de gordura em comparação aos novilhos que receberam apenas capim-mombaça. Novilhos Nelore criados em capim-mombaça, alimentados apenas com capim-mombaça ou suplementados com ou sem adição de lipídeos, foram semelhantes quanto ao desempenho de crescimento e características de carcaça.

Do Kimchi and Cheonggukjang Probiotics as a Functional Food Improve Androgenetic Alopecia? A Clinical Pilot Study

Fermented beverage based on water-soluble soybean extract / Bebida fermentada à base de extrato hidrosolúvel de soja

Functional foods are those that, beyond basic nutrition, promote health benefits. This study aimed to produce a fermented beverage from a water-soluble soybean extract and low-lactose semi-skimmed milk. The beverage was prepared using a blend (v/v) containing 62% water-soluble soybean extract, 33% low-lactose semi-skimmed milk, and 5% of an inoculum containing Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus. The fermentation was carried out with monitoring of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts, pH, and titrable acidity (% lactic acid). The consumption-ready fermented beverage was added of strawberry syrup and posteriorly characterized by its centesimal composition and sensory attributes as appearance, aroma, flavour, texture, overall impression, and purchase intent. Additionally, the LAB count and presence of pathogens in the final product were evaluated. After 14 h of fermentation, the refrigerated product presented L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus counts of 8.5 × 103 and 7.4 × 107 CFU/mL, respectively. The product contained 14.93% carbohydrates, 0.76% fats, 0.96% ash, 22.76% totalsolids, and 2.19% protein. Because the product did not present any pathogens, it was adequate according to the standards of microbiological safety determined by Brazilian legislation. Regarding the sensory evaluation, the panelists assigned a mean score of 7.0 for the attributes evaluated, indicating 'liked moderately' to the drink. In addition, 61% of the evaluators responded that they 'certainly or probably would buy' the product if it were available on the market.

Alimentos funcionais são aqueles que, além da nutrição básica, promovem benefícios à saúde. Este trabalho teve como objetivo produzir uma bebida fermentada a partir de extrato hidrosolúvel de soja (EHS) e leite semidesnatado com baixa lactose. A bebida foi preparada utilizando uma mistura (v/v) contendo 62% de EHS, 33% de leite semidesnatado com baixa lactose e 5% de inóculo contendo Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus e Streptococcus salivarius subsp. Thermophilus. A fermentação foi acompanhada durante 14 horas, através das contagens das bactérias ácido lácticas, pH e a acidez titulável (% de ácido láctico). A bebida fermentada pronta para consumo foi adicionada de uma calda de morango e caracterizada por sua composição centesimal, bem como por avaliação sensorial para os atributos: aparência, aroma, sabor, impressão global e intenção de compra. Além disso, a contagem das bactérias lácticas e presença de patógenos no produto foi avaliada. Após 14 horas de fermentação, o produto final refrigerado apresentou contagens de 8,5x103 UFC/mL e 7,4x107 UFC/mL para as bactérias L. bulgaricus e S. thermophilus respectivamente. O produto apresentou 14,93% de carboidratos, 0,76% de gordura, 0,96% de cinzas, 22,76% de sólidos totais e 2,19% de proteína. O produto não apresentou quaisquer patógenos, portanto, foi adequado aos padrões determinados pela legislação brasileira quanto à segurança microbiólogica. Com relação à avaliação sensorial, os provadores atribuíram em média nota 7,0 para todos os parâmetros avaliados, indicando que "gostarammoderadamente" da bebida. Ademais 61% dos avaliadores apontaram que "certamente ou provavelmente comprariam" o produto se estivesse disponível no mercado.

Fermented foods and preterm birth risk from a prospective large cohort study: the Japan Environment and Children's study

BACKGROUND@#The dietary pattern of pregnant women is known to be associated with preterm birth (PTB). We investigated whether PTB was associated with intake of fermented food by using data from the Japan Environment and Children's Study.@*METHODS@#From a data set of 103,099 pregnancies, 77,667 cases at low risk for PTB were analyzed. The primary outcome measurements were based on PTB. Fermented food (miso soup, yogurt, cheese, and fermented soybeans) consumption was assessed by using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire.@*RESULTS@#Intake of miso soup, yogurt, and fermented soybeans before pregnancy significantly reduced the risk of early PTB (< 34 weeks). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for early PTB in women who had miso soup 1-2 days/week, 3-4 days/week, or ≥ 5 days/week were 0.58, 0.69, and 0.62, respectively, compared with those who had miso soup < 1 day/week (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40-0.85, 0.49-0.98, and 0.44-0.87). The adjusted OR for early PTB in women who ate yogurt ≥ 3 times/week was 0.62 (95% CI, 0.44-0.87) compared to those who ate yogurt < 1 time/week. The adjusted OR for early PTB in women who ate fermented soybeans ≥ 3 times/week was 0.60 (95% CI, 0.43-0.84) compared to those who ate < 1 time/week. However, the incidence of overall PTB and late PTB (34-36 weeks) was not associated with fermented food intake.@*CONCLUSION@#PTB low-risk women with a high consumption of miso soup, yogurt, and fermented soybeans before pregnancy have a reduced risk of early PTB.

Effect of isoflavone-enriched whole soy milk powder supplementation on bone metabolism in ovariectomized mice

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: There is intense interest in soy isoflavone as a hormone replacement therapy for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. A new kind of isoflavone-enriched whole soy milk powder (I-WSM) containing more isoflavones than conventional whole soy milk powder was recently developed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of I-WSM on bone metabolism in ovariectomized mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Sixty female ICR mice individually underwent ovariectomy (OVX) or a sham operation, and were randomized into six groups of 10 animals each as follows: Sham, OVX, OVX with 2% I-WSM diet, OVX with 10% I-WSM diet, OVX with 20% I-WSM diet, and OVX with 20% WSM diet. After an 8-week treatment period, bone mineral density (BMD), calcium, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) 5b, osteocalcin (OC), procollagen 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), and osteoprotegenin (OPG) were analyzed. RESULTS: BMD was significantly lower in the OVX group compared to the Sham group but was significantly higher in OVX + 10% I-WSM and OVX + 20% I-WSM groups compared to the OVX group (P < 0.05). Serum calcium concentration significantly increased in the OVX + 10% and 20% I-WSM groups. Serum ALP levels were significantly lower in the OVX + 10% and 20% I-WSM groups compared to the other experimental groups (P < 0.05). OC was significantly reduced in the OVX group compared to the Sham group (P < 0.05), but a dose-dependent increase was observed in the OVX groups supplemented with I-WSM. P1NP and OPG levels were significantly reduced, while TRAP 5b level was significantly elevated in the OVX group compared with the Sham group, which was not affected by I-WSM (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that I-WSM supplementation in OVX mice has the effect of preventing BMD reduction and promoting bone formation. Therefore, I-WSM can be used as an effective alternative to postmenopausal osteoporosis prevention.

Types of Special Infant Formulas Marketed in Korea and Their Indications / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

Infant formula is classified into standard cow's milk-based and special formulas. This review aimed at summarizing the types of special milk formulas currently sold in Korea, and the appropriate indications for the use of these formulas; lactose free formula, soy-based formula, protein hydrolysate formula, amino acid-based formula, preterm formula, medium chain triglyceride formula, low-phosphorus formula, protein-energy-enriched formula, and formulas for inborn errors of metabolism.

Brown Stink Bug Mortality by Seed Extracts of Tephrosia Vogelii Containing Deguelin and Tephrosin

ABSTRACT Extracts of the seeds of Tephrosia vogelii Hook. f. were studied in relation to its chemical composition and toxicity to the brown stink bug Euschistus heros (F.). The extracts were obtained in ethyl acetate and ethanol in the sequence according to the polar nature of the solvents. Extracts were sprayed in concentration of 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10% on third-instars nymphs and adults, and mortality was recorded. Presence two rotenoids in ethyl acetate was detected, with analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Crude fraction analyses confirmed the presence of these rotenoids (tephrosin - 2.71% in ethyl acetate and 3.66% in methanol; and deguelin - 10.46% in ethyl acetate and 1.22% in methanol) and three other rotenoids in small amounts. Eight days after applications, ethyl acetate caused more stink bugs mortality and on less time than ethanol extract, because great quantity of rotenoids, as polarity. Concentrations above to 1 and 2.5% of the ethyl acetate extracts caused mortality above 80% of the nymphs and adults of E. heros, respectively. Concentration were considered high, thus chemist analyzes demonstrated high rotenoids presence. In conclusion, seed T. vogelli extracts, rich in deguelin and tephrosin (3:1), cause mortality of E. heros, however, high concentration are necessary.

Effects of transgenic soybean and organic soybean on rat penis morphology during the aging process / Efectos de los frijoles de soja transgénica y de soja orgánica en la morfología del pene de rata durante el proceso de envejecimiento

The contents of soybean can modify the structure of the reproductive system, especially, when consumed for prolonged periods. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the consumption of transgenic soybean on rat penis morphology after prolonged use. Wistar rats (n = 30) were divided into three groups according to diet: Transgenic Soybean (TS) group, Organic Soybean (OS) group and Control (C) group. After 455 days of intake, the rats were sacrificed and the penises were excised and fixed in formalin for subsequent histological processing. The samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Weigert’s resorcin-fuchsin stain, and picrosirius red with polarization. The images were scanned for the histomorphometric analyses of the corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum, erectile tissue, and tunica albuginea as well as the measurement of the thickness of the tunica albuginea. The diameter and areas of the penile arteries with the intima and media tunica were also measured. The elastic fibers of the tunica albuginea, corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum were quantified using stereological methods. No significant differences were observed in the collagen and elastic components among the groups. We concluded that no statistically significant differences were found among the groups, demonstrating that the prolonged consumption of OS and TS does not affect the penile structure.

El contenido de frijoles de soja puede modificar la estructura del sistema reproductivo, especialmente, cuando se consume durante períodos prolongados. En este estudio, se evaluaron los efectos del consumo de frijoles de soja transgénica en la morfología del pene de rata después de un uso prolongado. Las ratas Wistar (n = 30) se dividieron en tres grupos según la dieta: grupo de frijoles de soja transgénica (TS), grupo de frijoles de soja orgánica (OS) y grupo control (C). Después de 455 días de ingesta, se sacrificaron las ratas y se extirparon los penes y se fijaron en formalina para posterior procesamiento histológico. Las muestras se tiñeron con hematoxilina y eosina, tinción de resorcina-fucsina de Weigert y rojo de picrosirius con polarización. Las imágenes fueron escaneadas para análisis histomorfométrico de los cuerpos cavernosos, cuerpo esponjoso, tejido eréctil y túnica albugínea, así como para la medición del espesor de la túnica albugínea. También se midieron el diámetro y las áreas de las arterias penianas con las túnicas íntima y media. Se cuantificaron las fibras elásticas de la túnica albugínea, cuerpos cavernosos y cuerpos esponjosos utilizando métodos estereológicos. No se observaron diferencias significativas en los componentes colágenos y elásticos entre los grupos. Se concluyó que no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos, lo que demuestra que el consumo prolongado de OS y TS no afecta a la estructura del pene.

Selected lactobacilli and bifidobacteria development in solid state fermentation using soybean paste / Desarrollo de lactobacilos y bifidobacterias seleccionadas en fermentación en estado sólido utilizando pasta de soja

At present, consumers are looking for more natural foods so as to improve health through their active compounds. Within this context, soybean is an excellent substrate due to its beneficial effects on consumers' health. Moreover, lactic cultures are widely used in the food industry to improve the technological, nutritional and functional characteristics of fermented foods. It is interesting to find new matrices in which to transport these starter cultures (potentially probiotic microorganisms). The aim of this research was to obtain a solid state fermentation system from soybean to analyze the behavior of selected lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, with the potential to develop a functional vegetarian food to serve as carrier for the microorganisms. A soybean solid substrate system was optimized by selecting the relationship of the main processing parameters. Homogeneous soybean pastes with different moisture content (60-80%) were obtained and used as substrate and support for solid substrate fermentation. Moisture, inoculum size and temperature were optimized: 80%, 4%, 37 °C, respectively. L. rhamnosus CRL 981 was chosen as the best starter to use in this kind of fermentation, showing high acidification and cell counts at 24 h of fermentation and increased specific growth rate in tested soybean pastes. It was demonstrated that the selected soybean paste could be used as a carrier of these microorganisms having probiotic potential for the production of vegetarian foods. Moreover, these microorganisms are able to modify the substrate to enhance their nutritional and functional characteristics, which would change the soybean into a more attractive product for consumers.

Actualmente los consumidores están en la búsqueda de alimentos naturales, a fin de mejorar la salud a través de sus compuestos activos. En este contexto, la soja es un excelente sustrato debido a sus efectos beneficiosos sobre la salud del consumidor. En la industria alimentaria se emplean cultivos lácticos para mejorar las características tecnológicas, nutricionales y funcionales de los alimentos fermentados. Es interesante encontrar nuevas matrices para transportar estos cultivos iniciadores, que potencialmente son microorganismos probióticos. El objetivo de este estudio fue obtener un sistema de fermentación en estado sólido a partir de soja para analizar el comportamiento de lactobacilos y bifidobacterias seleccionadas, con potencial para desarrollar un alimento vegetariano funcional que sirva de portador de los microorganismos. El sistema de sustrato sólido de soja se optimizó mediante la selección de la relación de parámetros principales de procesamiento. Se obtuvieron pastas de soja homogéneas con diferente contenido humedad (60-80%) y se utilizaron como sustrato y soporte para la fermentación en sustrato sólido. Las variables humedad, tamaño del inóculo y temperatura fueron optimizadas en 80%, 4% y 37°C, respectivamente. Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL 981 fue elegido como el mejor cultivo iniciador para utilizar en este tipo de fermentación; este mostró acidificación y recuentos celulares altos en 24 horas de fermentación, y mayor velocidad específica de crecimiento en las condiciones evaluadas. Se demostró que la pasta de soja seleccionada podría ser utilizada como portadora de estos microorganismos con potencial probiótico para la elaboración de alimentos vegetarianos. Además, estos microorganismos son capaces de modificar el sustrato y mejorar sus características nutritivas y funcionales, lo que convertiría a la soja en un producto más atractivo para los consumidores.

Analysis of exogenous gene and protein digestion and absorption of SD rats (Rattus norvegicus) fed roundup ready soybean meal / 生物工程学报

Metabolism and deposition of exogenous gene and protein from transgenic glyphosate herbicide-tolerant soybean meal in SD rats were studied in the experiment. The transgenic soybean GTS40-3-2 meal and its non-transgenic counterpart (parent A5403) were fed to the generation and the second generation Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (Rattus norvegicus). The study added the genetically modified (GM) soybean meal and its non-transgenic control soybean meal (parent A5403) in a ratio of 20% respectively to the feeds. By using qualitative, quantitative PCR and ELISA methods to detect transgenic soybean residues of metabolism ingredients in rats, the safety and influence of GM soybean were evaluated. The results showed that the intestinal fecal and cecum contents of rats were detected with residues of GM ingredients, intestinal flora and organs were not found related genes and protein. These results indicated that transgenic glyphosate herbicide-tolerant soybean GTS40-3-2 meal was as safe as its non-GM soybean meal in long-term feeding study.

Avaliação da contaminação de amostras de soja com resíduos de agrotóxicos pelo método QuEChERS acetato com análise por meio de CLAE-EM/EM / Evaluation of the soy samples contamination with pesticides residues by using QuEChERS acetate methodology and applying LC-MS/MS analysis

O presente estudo teve por finalidade avaliar a situação atual do consumo de alimentos à base de soja disponíveis no mercado em relação à presença de resíduos de agrotóxicos. A metodologia foi validada para efetuar a determinação de 122 resíduos de pesticida na matriz soja e de 124 substâncias na matriz extrato solúvel de soja. As curvas analíticas estudadas nas duas matrizes apresentaram linearidade na faixa de trabalho analisada (0,002 a 0,200 μg.mL-1). A exatidão e a precisão em dois níveis de fortificação apresentaram valores de 70 % a 119 % de recuperação e de CV (%) de 1 a 18. O Limite de Quantificação(LQ) apresentou resultados satisfatórios (0,005 a 0,215 mg.kg-1 matriz soja e 0,006 a 0,028 mg.kg-1 matriz extrato solúvel de soja) em relação aos Limites Máximos de Resíduo (LMRs) quando existentes. Para realizar o estudo, foram selecionadas 42 amostras de soja e materiais à base de soja. As amostras foram adquiridas, no período de 2011 a 2012, em estabelecimentos comerciais na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Esta avaliação exploratória de contaminação evidenciou o uso inapropriado dos agrotóxicos ciprodinil, pirimifós-metílico, ciazofamida e butóxido de piperonilana soja e de estar em desacordo com a legislação vigente.

This study aimed atassessing the current status of the consumption of soy-based foods available atmarket regarding to the presence of pesticide residues. The methodology was validated for determining122 pesticides residues in the matrix soybean and 124 in the matrix of soluble soy extract. The analytical curvesstudied in the two arrays showed linearity in the evaluated zone (0.002 to 0.200 μg.mL-1). The accuracy andprecision of two fortification ranges exhibited recovery values of 70 % - 119 %, and CV (%) values from 1 to 18.The limit of quantification (LQ) showed satisfactory results (0.005 to 0.215 mg.kg-1 matrix of soybeansand 0.006 to 0.028 mg.kg -1 matrix of soluble soy extract) regarding to the maximum residue limits (MRLs) when they occur. Forty-two soy and soy-based samples were randomly selected for this study. The samples were acquired in the period from 2011 to 2012 at commercial establishments located in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro. This study evidenced the contamination of soybeans with pesticides residues as cyprodinil, pirimiphos-methyl, cyazofamid, and piperonyl butoxide, indicating their inappropriate use and being noncompliant to the legislationin force.

Cross-Reactivity Between the Soybean Protein P34 and Bovine Caseins

PURPOSE: Soy-based formulas are widely used as dairy substitutes to treat milk allergy patients. However, reactions to soy have been reported in a small proportion of patients with IgE-mediated milk allergies. The aim of this work was to explore whether P34, a mayor soybean allergen, is involved in this cross-reactivity. METHODS: In vitro recognition of P34 was evaluated by immunoblotting, competitive ELISA and basophil activation tests (BAT) using sera from allergic patients. In vivo cross-reactivity was examined using an IgE-mediated milk allergy mouse model. RESULTS: P34 was recognized by IgE antibodies from the sera of milk allergic patients, casein-specific monoclonal antibodies, and sera from milk-allergic mice. Spleen cells from sensitized mice incubated with milk, soy or P34 secreted IL-5 and IL-13, while IFN-gamma remained unchanged. In addition, the cutaneous test was positive with cow's milk proteins (CMP) and P34 in the milk allergy mouse model. Moreover, milk-sensitized mice developed immediate symptoms following sublingual exposure to P34. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that P34 shares epitopes with bovine casein, which is responsible for inducing hypersensitivity symptoms in milk allergic mice. This is the first report of the in vivo cross-allergenicity of P34.

Desempenho fotossintético e micorrização em plantas de soja Roundup Ready tratadas com diferentes formulações de glyphosate / Photosynthetic performance and mycorrhization in Roundup Ready soybean plants treated with different formulations of glyphosate

Com a expansão do cultivo de soja resistente ao glyphosate, observa-se aumento considerável tanto do uso desse herbicida como do número de formulações comerciais à base deste princípio ativo. Objetivou-se, portanto, avaliar o efeito de seis formulações de glyphosate (Roundup Original®, Trop®, Roundup Ultra®, Roundup WG®, Roundup Transorb R® e Zapp Qi®) em parâmetros fotossintéticos, colonização micorrízica e produtividade de soja (TMG 125 Roundup Ready), na região do Alto Paranaíba. Utilizou-se do delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Uma única aplicação dos herbicidas (720 g e.a. ha-1) foi realizada entre os estádios V2-V3. Aos 3 e 7 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos (DAT), foram feitas avaliações instantâneas de trocas gasosas entre 08:00 e 9:00 h, em folíolos completamente expandidos. Em seguida, o desempenho fotossintético foi avaliado por meio de curvas de luz (taxa de assimilação líquida de CO2 vs irradiância). A colonização micorrízica, altura de plantas e massa seca da parte aérea foram avaliadas quando as plantas de soja atingiram o estádio R2. Além disso, avaliaram-se o peso de sementes e produtividade de soja. As diferentes formulações de glyphosate não afetaram as trocas gasosas das plantas de soja, nem a eficiência dessas plantas na utilização da irradiância, razão pela qual também não se observou diferenças significativas na massa seca da parte aérea, colonização micorrízica e produtividade de soja.

The expansion of soybean resistant to glyphosate has caused considerable increase in the use of this herbicide as well as the number of formulations based on this active ingredient. The aim is evaluate the effect of six formulations of glyphosate (Roundup Original®, Trop®, Roundup Ultra®, Roundup WG®, Roundup Transorb R® e Zapp Qi®) in photosynthetic parameters, mycorrhizal colonization and soybean yield (TMG 125 Roundup Ready), in the Alto Paranaíba. It was used a randomized block design with four replications. A single application of herbicides (780 g a.e ha-1) was performed between stages V2-V3. At 3 and 7 days after application of the treatments were evaluated instantaneous gas exchange between 08:00 and 9:00 am, in fully expanded leaflets. Then, the photosynthetic performance was evaluated by means of light curves (CO2 assimilation rate vs. irradiance). The mycorrhizal colonization, plant height and shoot dry matter were assessed when the soybean plants reached the stage R2. In addition, we evaluated the weight of seeds and soybean yield. The different formulations of glyphosate did not affect gas exchange of soybean plants and the efficiency of these plants in the use of irradiance, therefore also no observed significant differences in shoot dry weight, mycorrhizal colonization and soybean yield.

Effect of secondary fermentation on processing technology for fermented soybeans / 中草药

Objective: To optimize the fermentation processing technology for fermented soybeans, and to identify that the secondary fermentation process is an important link in fermentation processing of fermented soybeans. Methods: According to Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010, combined with the ancient way to produce fermented soybeans, the contents of total isoflavones, daidzein, and genistein were as chemical indexes, the finished product properties (color, smell, degree of shrinkage, cross section, and hardness) were as organoleptic quality indexes, and the processing parameters before and within the secondary fermentation process, including cooking time, fermentation temperature, fermentation time, secondary fermentation temperature and time were optimized. Results: The optimal processing technology was as follows: soybeans were boiled for 1.5 h after absorbing drug juice, and then fermented for 6-8 d at (30 ± 2)°C until yellow cladding. After washing off yellow cladding, soybeans were placed in the container, sealed using water, and put into secondary fermentation process. The container was in secondary fermentation for 12-15 d at (30 ± 2)°C. During the period of secondary fermentation, the soybeans were poured out every 3 d with stiring and slightly drying for four to five times, and at last was slightly steamed and dryed. The quality of fermented soybeans after secondary fermentation had more obvious advantage than that without secondary fermentation. The finished product had aromatic odor with light color and grain soft. The cross section color was brownish black and hand skin shrivel. The contents of total-isoflavones, daidzein, and genistein were at the highest value. Conclusion: The secondary fermentation process is an important link in fermentation processing of fermented soybeans and the key factor to affect the change of main chemical composition content and the finished product properties of fermented soybeans. The fermentation processing technology of fermented soybeans after optimization would lay the foundation of the regulation of production and the research of fermentation processing mechanism.

Avaliação do consumo de uma baixa quantidade diária de soja no estresse oxidativo, no perfil lipídico e inflamatório e na resistência à insulina em pacientes com síndrome metabólica / Evaluation of the intake of a low daily amount of soybeans in oxidative stress, lipid and inflammatory profile, and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome

OBJETIVO: Estudos demonstram que o consumo regular de soja diminui o risco cardiovascular e de diabetes. No entanto, grande parte desses estudos preconiza a ingestão diária de 25 g ou mais de proteína de soja, quantidade essa considerada alta e não bem tolerada pelos pacientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do baixo consumo diário de soja no estresse oxidativo e nos componentes da síndrome metabólica (SM). SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS:Quarenta indivíduos com SM foram selecionados e alocados em dois grupos: grupo controle (n = 20) e grupo soja (n = 20), que consumiu diariamente 12,95 g de proteína de soja, durante 90 dias. RESULTADOS:Após o tratamento o grupo soja apresentou diminuição da glicemia de jejum e aumento nos níveis de HDL e adiponectina. CONCLUSÃO: O consumo de uma baixa quantidade de soja por 90 dias, além de bem tolerado pelos pacientes, foi capaz de melhorar vários parâmetros relacionados à fisiopatologia da SM.

OBJECTIVE:Studies show that regular consumption of soybeans reduces the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, most of these studies recommend daily intake of 25 g or more of soy protein, an amount considered high and not well tolerated by patients. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of low daily intake of soybeans in oxidative stress and in components of the metabolic syndrome (MS). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty individuals with MS were selected and divided into two groups: control group (n = 20) and soybean-treated group (n = 20), which consumed 12.95 g of soy protein for 90 days. RESULTS: After the treatment, the soybean-treated group showed a decrease in fasting glucose and increase in serum HDL and adiponectin. CONCLUSION:Low intake of soy protein for 90 days, besides being well tolerated by the patients, was able to improve several parameters related to the pathophysiology of MS.

Riscos e controvérsias na construção social do conceito de alimento saudável: o caso da soja / Risks and controversies in the social construction of the concept of healthy food: the case of soy / Riesgos y controversias en la construcción social del concepto de alimento saludable: el caso de la soja

Riscos e controvérsias na construção social do conceito de alimento saudável são discutidos, tendo a soja como objeto de estudo. Estudos dos impactos da soja sobre a saúde e da sojicultura sobre o meio socioambiental foram revisados para analisar as controvérsias científicas da pesquisa na área de soja e saúde humana, bem como seu contexto político e as repercussões socioambientais da sojicultura. Com base na Sociologia do Conhecimento Científico e na Sociologia Ambiental, argumenta-se que a fronteira entre o alimento saudável e o de risco é tênue e vulnerável a diferentes influências construídas reflexivamente. Destaca-se a importância de ampliar o conceito de alimento saudável para o de alimentação saudável, considerando sua dimensão cultural e socioambiental.

Controversies and risks in the social construction of the concept of healthy food are discussed, using soybean as the object of study. Studies concerning the impacts of soy on human health and the effects of its cultivation on the social-environmental domain were reviewed to analyze the political context of the discussion surrounding soy and the socio-environmental repercussions of its cultivation. Based on the sociology of scientific knowledge and the environmental sociology, we identified a thin line between healthy and risky food, which is vulnerable to different reflexively constructed influences. It is important to broaden the concept of healthy food to healthy alimentation and to consider its cultural and social-environmental dimension.

Riesgos y controversias en la construcción social del concepto de alimento saludable son discutidos, teniendo a la soja como objeto de estudio. Estudios de los impactos de la soja sobre la salud y de la sojicultura sobre el medio socioambiental fueron revisados para analizar las controversias científicas de la investigación en el área de soja y salud humana, así como su contexto político y las repercusiones socioambientales de la sojicultura. Con base en la Sociología del Conocimiento Científico y en la Sociología Ambiental, se argumenta que la frontera entre el alimento saludable y el de riesgo es tenue y vulnerable en diferentes influencias construidas reflexivamente. Se destaca la importancia de ampliar el concepto de alimento saludable para el de alimentación saludable, considerando su dimensión cultural y socioambiental.

Avaliação dos sintomas climatéricos na mulher em menopausa e pós-menopausa em uso de proteína isolada de soja / Evaluation of the climateric symptoms in postmenopausal women after menopause and use of isolated soy protein

Objetivo - Avaliar a eficácia da suplementação de proteína isolada de soja sobre os sintomas climatéricos. Métodos - Foi conduzido estudo quase-experimental, prospectivo, longitudinal e quantitativo com 30 mulheres no período da menopausa e pós-menopausa pré-selecionadas em um Centro Municipal de Terceira Idade, da cidade de Birigui/SP, entre a faixa etária de 40 e 65 anos. As mulheres ingeriram, 30 g/dia de proteína isolada de soja (equivalente a 57 mg de isoflavonas), fracionada 3 vezes ao dia, durante 4 semanas. Foram avaliadas por meio do Índice Menopausal de Kupperman (IMK) e questionadas quanto ao aparecimento de efeitos colaterais. Para análise estatística, utilizou-se médias, desvios-padrão, porcentagens e o test t de Student. Resultados - Os sintomas avaliados pelo Índice Menopausal de Kupperman (IMK) apresentaram melhora significativa: no momento inicial 11,10% das mulheres apresentavam sintomas acentuados, 74,10% moderados e14,80% sintomas leves. Ao final 93,30% das avaliadas apresentavam os sintomas leves e 3,70% a ausência destes. Houve redução significativa dos valores medianos da somatória do IMK (26,41 x 7,93). Os efeitos colaterais relatados não foram relevantes. Conclusão - A proteína isolada de soja se mostrou uma terapêutica eficaz para o alívio dos sintomas climatéricos, apresentando-se uma alternativa para mulheres nesta fase. A baixa ocorrência de efeitos colaterais resultou em uma maior aceitação pela continuidade do tratamento por parte das integrantes do estudo.

Objective - To evaluate the effects of supplementation with isolated soy protein on the climacterics symptoms. Methods - An almost-experimental study was lead, prospective, longitudinal and quantitative with 30 women during menopause and post menopause pre-selected in a Municipal Center of Third Age, of the city of Birigui/SP, with age in the 40 to 65 years old. Women ingested 30 g/day of isolated soy protein (equivalent to 57 mg of isoflavones), divided into 3 times daily for 4 weeks. Were assessed using the Kupperman Menopausal Index and questioned about the appearance of side effects. For statistics analysis, it was used average, standard deviation, percentages and Student's t test. Results - Symptoms assessed by the Kupperman Menopausal Index (KMI), a significant improvement: as baseline, 11.10% of women had symptoms accented 74.10% moderate and 14.80% mild symptoms. At the end of 93.30% of those assessed had mild symptoms and 3.70% in their absence. There was a significant reduction in median values of the sum of KMI (26.41 x 7.93). Reported side effects were not relevant. Conclusion - The isoflavone isolated soy protein showed a solid therapy to relief to climacteric symptoms, introducing an alternative to women in this phase. The low occurrence of side effects resulted in greater acceptance and continued treatment by the study subjects.

Molecular characterization of beta-tubulin from Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust

β-tubulins are structural components of microtubules and the targets of benzimidazole fungicides used to control many diseases of agricultural importance. Intron polymorphisms in the intron-rich genes of these proteins have been used in phylogeographic investigations of phytopathogenic fungi. In this work, we sequenced 2764 nucleotides of the β-tubulin gene (Pp tubB) in samples of Phakopsora pachyrhizi collected from seven soybean fields in Brazil. Pp tubB contained an open reading frame of 1341 nucleotides, including nine exons and eight introns. Exon length varied from 14 to 880 nucleotides, whereas intron length varied from 76 to 102 nucleotides. The presence of only four polymorphic sites limited the usefulness of Pp tubB for phylogeographic studies in P. pachyrhizi. The gene structures of Pp tubB and orthologous β-tubulin genes of Melampsora lini and Uromyces viciae-fabae were highly conserved. The amino acid substitutions in β-tubulin proteins associated with the onset of benzimidazole resistance in model organisms, especially at His6, Glu198 and Phe200, were absent from the predicted sequence of the P. pachyrhizi β-tubulin protein.